Corinthian Matters

A Resource for the Study of the Corinthia, Greece

  • Mapping the Isthmus of Corinth: A Story Map

    Last May I had the privilege of working with Albert Sarvis, Professor of Geospatial Technology at Harrisburg University (and a licensed drone pilot), in capturing low-altitude aerial photographs of the Isthmus of Corinth. Albert and I had collaborated for several years previous on the Digital Harrisburg project, an ambitious project that seeks to link all the individuals living in Pennsylvania’s state capital in the years 1880-1940 with encoded historical maps of the city. Our work together in the Corinthia was a new endeavor, designed to both support long-term research related to the Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey and learn about the complicated history of the human uses of the Isthmus from antiquity to the present. Although it rained steadily in the region last May, it was still as successful venture in capturing new perspectives on an historical landscape: look at the final image below to compare the ESRI default aerial imagery with the higher resolution drone survey.

    It was also a successful collaboration of students and faculty of the humanities and digital technologies. I brought along 9 Messiah College students (mostly History majors and minors), and Albert brought one senior student in Geospatial Technologies, John Nieves-Jennings. My students had the rewarding experience of learning how drone survey works (and some exposure to the software Pix4D) while Albert’s student was able to connect digital applications to historical questions. John Nieves-Jenning not only ran many of the drone flights but captured the process of work through still images, textual description, and videos. For a senior project, John put together this interactive ESRI Story Map with videos and images of the Corinthia and the drone survey. If you turn on the volume, you can hear the whirring buzz of the drone as it hovers up and above the fields and quarries of the Isthmus. You can also see some live footage of our work and me trying to remember what I could about the history of Corinthian quarries.

    We have received a permit from the aviation authority to undertake a second season of drone photography the week after next. Albert and I will be returning with one of his colleagues and students for additional fieldwork. Stay tuned for some updates from the field.

  • Dropping into Ancient Corinth (the CyArk and Google Partnership)

    Years ago, a visitor to ancient Corinth (and other sites of Greece) had immediate access to most of the archaeological remains within the site. One could stand directly next to one of the standing columns of the Temple of Apollo, or even climb within the Fountain of Peirene, as I know a group of university students did two decades ago. Open access provided physical contact with remains thousands of years old, and the first-hand experience of exploring the complexities of ancient architecture, but this was not necessarily all good. There were dangers in letting visitors climb in and among the site’s entire remains, and the monuments themselves undoubtedly suffered for the wear. Eventually, the ropes, rails, and fences came, which bounded and directed the visitor’s experience, restricting access and keeping the visitor at a distance. At some sites, such as the fenced Lechaion basilica, fences effectively barred visitors from any access except during those rare times when the site opened its gates.

    Digital environments are changing all of this again. While we cannot physically touch an archaeological site remotely, the advent of new tools for exploring sites from a distance mark an exciting development in archaeology today. You may recall that at the end of the excavation season in 2015, the ASCSA Corinth Excavations reported on efforts by members of CyArk — a non-profit that preserves cultural heritage sites through 3D modeling — to recreate the Peirene Fountain and Temple of Apollo. Last week CyArk and Google Arts and Culture announced a new partnership to make 3D models of Corinth and other archaeological sites around the globe available through its free digital archive. A gallery called Open Heritage features online exhibits and 3D models of sites and monuments. As the blog for Google Arts and Culture noted,

    As part of this new online exhibition you can explore stories from over 25 iconic locations across 18 countries around the world, including the Al Azem Palace in war-torn Damascus, Syria and the ancient Mayan metropolis of Chichen Itza in Mexico. For many of the sites, we also developed intricate 3D models that allow you to inspect from every angle, using the new Google Poly 3D viewer on Google Arts & Culture.

     

    Greek Reporter provides this brief overview of the work in Greece, with links to a TED Talk with Ben Cacyra, founder of Cyark.

    Remote visitors to the Ancient Corinth Exhibition may with this slideshow “Explore Ancient Corinth Expedition” which explains how CyArk created their 3D models of Peirene Fountain and the Temple of Apollo (through LiDAR and photogrammetry) and showcases videos of late antique frescoes within the fountain of Peirene.

    The expedition also links to pages that allows anyone to download the data. Here’s the lead page for the expedition:

    In collaboration with the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, CyArk documented the mythical Peirene Fountain and the Temple of Apollo in the city of Ancient Corinth, Greece. Survey of the extant structures was conducted primarily with LiDAR and both terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. The surviving frescoes within the Peirene Fountain were surveyed with an Artec scanner, which measures the 3D shape of a surface using pulsating light and a camera system. CyArk’s digital documentation of the temple and fountain provided the ASCS with accurate and precise data on the current state of preservation for both architectural complexes. In particular, it was important to record Peirene which is currently closed to the public due to concerns surrounding its preservation. This work was made possible through the generous support of the Macricostas Family Foundation

    Then go on to explore the interactive map that allows any viewer to drop the little yellow street view figure onto any of the photogrammetry points. Voila — anyone can actually move within the Fountain of Peirene for the first time in decades. You can also explore 3D models of the Temple of Apollo and Peirene Fountain.

    Recall that Google has already made available interactive imagery of Ancient Corinth through its street view feature: you can drop into almost any street in the village anytime you want. Through its “photo sphere”, you can also drop into the archaeological site and have a look around.


    The Open Heritage collection along with Google Maps provides another great opportunity for teaching students and the public outside of Greece about ancient Corinth.

Some Recent Developments in Corinthian Studies

Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey

A new effort is underway to publish the results of the Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey, the interdisciplinary regional survey of the Isthmian territory of Corinth, Greece, carried out between 1997 and 2003, with study seasons between 2004 and the present. The data and findings of the survey are being prepared for final publication in three phases: 1) the release of the archaeological datasets from the survey through Open Context (Pettegrew, Gregory, Pullen, Rothaus, and Tartaron 2021); 2) a linked digital book providing an overview of the history, data, and major patterns of the project (Pettegrew, in preparation); and 3) an edited collection of interpretive essays (in formulation).

The Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey was an intensive survey on the Corinthian Isthmus–one of the busiest and richest archaeological regions in all of Greece–directed by Timothy Gregory (The Ohio State University) and Daniel Pullen (Florida State Unviersity), with the support of Thomas Tartaron (field director) and other field archaeologists and specialists. The project carried out most of its work in the area between the village of Hexamilia, the Panhellenic Sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia, and the ancient harbor town at Kenchreai, but survey work was also undertaken in a few select parts of the southeastern territory. The project grew out of previous investigations in the eastern territory and led to a number of substantial subsequent archaeological investigations: the cemetery on the Koutsongila Ridge near Kenchreai (Kenchreai Cemetery Project), the Saronic Harbors Archaeological Research Project, rural sites such as Kato Vayia and Ano Vayia, and the modern semi-abandoned village at Lakka Skoutara.

A view of fieldwalkers conducting pedestrian survey on the Isthmus of Corinth.
Fieldwalkers conduct survey on the Isthmus of Corinth in 2000 as part of the Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey

The EKAS material is extensively published. Important articles outlining the methods and interpretive frameworks of the project, as well as the major findings, have been published in journals such as Antiquity, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, International Journal of Historical Archaeology, and Hesperia, as well as a number of edited books.  A general introduction to the project, including its scope, objectives, and methods, is available in Tartaron et al. The Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey: Integrated Methods for a Dynamic Landscape. A comprehensive listing of relevant publications is now available at Open Context.

For more information about the EKAS project, contact David Pettegrew.

Eastern Korinthia Survey Slideshow

  • Map of Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey Units on Isthmus of Corinth
  • The Main Transect of the Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (1999-2001)
  • Dan Sarefield, Yiannis, and Panayiotis (1999)
  • Jack Wells, W. Caraher, D. Sarefield, and Yiannis and Panayiotis (1999)
  • D. Nakassis walking transect on Isthmus
  • D. Nakassis walking transect
  • Field team prepare to survey field on Isthmus
  • Field team in 1999, Mt. Oneion in background
  • Team surveying grain stubble field near Kenchreai
  • K. Panagakos and team survey Isthmus
  • Field team prepares to survey grain stubble field near Kenchreai
  • Dan Sarefield collecting artifacts (2001)
  • Field team surveys stubble field on Isthmus with Acrocorinth looming
  • Finishing a survey transect on the Isthmus
  • Surveying the Isthmus
  • Field team recording at Roman villa below Perdhikaria (2001)
  • Missy recording at Roman villa below Perdhikaria
  • Field team at Vigla overlooking lowland pass to southern Corinthia
  • W. Caraher recording
  • A modern find near the Kromna quarries
  • D. Pettegrew surveying at Ano Vayia above Saronic Gulf (2003)
  • Isthmia van dies.
  • Isthmia van goes away
  • World War II gun emplacement on Ay. Dimitirios Ridge
  • World War II gun emplacement on Ay. Dimitirios Ridge
  • Quarry near Hexamilia
  • Roman building debris west of Perdhikaria (LOCA 9070)
  • Roman building debris (LOCA 9070)
  • LR combed ware sherd from Roman building (LOCA 9070)
  • Roman site west of Perdhikaria (LOCA 9070)
  • Roman building debris at LOCA 9070
  • Perdhikaria Ridge viewed from Kromna
  • Perdhikaria Ridge viewed from north
  • Modern buildings on Perdhikaria Ridge
  • Acrocorinth from Perdhikaria
  • Acrocorinth from Roman site below Perdhikaria
  • View north from Perdhikaria
  • View north from Perdhikaria
  • “Plowed Field” Roman villa site (LOCA 9221)
  • “Plowed Field” Late Roman villa site (LOCA 9221)
  • “Plowed Field” Late Roman villa site (LOCA 9221)
  • “Plowed Field” Late Roman villa site (LOCA 9221)
  • Investigating Late Roman and Byzantine surface remains in recently plowed field (9221)
  • Column fragment from the plowed field (LOCA 9221)
  • Column fragment from the plowed field (LOCA 9221)
  • Column fragment from the plowed field (LOCA 9221)
  • Column fragment from the plowed field (LOCA 9221)
  • Building remains at Roman villa (LOCA 9228)
  • LOCA 9228. Building remains from recent bulldozing at villa
  • LOCA 9228. Villa of the Pig Dog, recently scraped by bulldozer
  • LOCA 9228. Villa of the Pig Dog, scraped by bulldozer
  • LOCA 9003 – Site of Classical-Roman sanctuary
  • LOCA 9003 – Site of Classical-Roman sanctuary
  • LOCA 9130. Ritual dining room.
  • The stone couches of LOCA 9130, a ritual dining room.
  • LOCA 9132. Hellenistic-Early Roman Olive Press
  • W. Caraher in the quarries at Kromna
  • Mortuary LOCA #9 and LOCA 9006, from east
  • Mortuary LOCA #9 / LOCA 9006, from east.
  • Mortuary LOCA #9 (from LOCA 9006 – ridgetop)
  • Drone on the Isthmus. Photo by Albert Sarvis, May 2017.

Scroll through the slides above to view images of the Eastern Korinthia Survey.

Corinthiaka